The earliest known writing in Russia dates from the 10th century and was found at Novgorod. The main languages written on them in an early version of the Cyrillic alphabet were Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic. There are also some texts in Finnish, Latin and Greek. Russian started appearing in writing regularly during the reign of Peter the Great a. Peter I who introduced a revised alphabet and encouraged authors to use a literary style closer to their spoken language.
The dialect of Moscow was used as the basis for written Russian. Russian literature started to flower during the 19th century when Tolstoi, Dostoyevskii, Gogol and Pushkin were active. During the Soviet era knowledge of the Russian language was wide spread though the subjects authors could write about were restricted. Russian alphabet learning game. There are a number of other transliteration schemes for Russian.
It is designed to be relatively intuitive for English speakers to pronounce, and is also known as the British Standard. You can also purchase Russian keyboard stickers and use your own keyboard to learn the placement of the letters. When you are ready, you can find everything you need for setting up your keyboard to type Russian and practicing your Russian typing here. Like with learning cursive, this will be an ongoing process, and you will get more out of it after continuing with the steps below.
The last four steps had you learning individual letters, but writing requires the ability to form the letters into actual words.
Do the same when learning to write in Russian—form the letters into short words to start writing on your own. You can use the flashcards you made or purchased to form Russian words from letters. You can form any words you like, but here are some basic verbs to start with. Or, you can make the process more fun with magnets. These Russian letter magnets offer a colorful and easy way to utilize a surface your fridge to play around with word formations without making a mess on the floor!
Russian words are infamous for being long, containing lots of hard consonant combinations and even letters that are very difficult to pronounce such as hard and soft sounds. As such, you can benefit from copying Russian text from books, magazines, blogs and other materials to familiarize yourself with proper Russian spelling. A dual language Russian to English book is perfect not just for this step, but for improving your Russian overall. You can use the Russian portion of the text to practice copying words and sentences.
Then, you can read the English translation to understand what you are reading and work on your comprehension. The web offers a multitude of Russian exercises that can help you improve your writing skills. These can include quizzes that test your knowledge of the Russian alphabet, games where you can write in answers or anything else that gets you writing.
The best way to practice writing online for more intermediate and advanced purposes is finding exercises that ask you to write your answers instead of choosing from pre-set choices. A FluentU plan is perfect for this as it presents you with a variety of different quiz questions for learning vocabulary and requires you to not just learn the meaning of a word, but to be able to produce the correct spelling of the word from memory.
Reading comprehension tests are also perfect for more advanced learners, as these allow you to see words written first in a paragraph, and then practice writing answers to open-ended questions. This site offers 24 different options for reading material, followed by questions to answer about what you read. Renata Ilitsky is a professional content writer with over 10 years of experience. She specializes in creating unique and engaging content for any industry.
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Experience Russian immersion online! Russian does not have the status of an official language in Ukraine , but it still functions as a regional and minority language, with the Constitution of Ukraine providing guarantees for its protection and use. Education in Russian, as well as choice of Russian as a second language, are still very popular in many of the former Soviet republics.
In the 20th century, Russian was widely taught in the schools of countries that used to be satellites of the USSR, e. However, today, most young people in these countries know very little or no Russian because it is is no longer mandatory in the school system. Linguists generally divide Russian into three major dialect groups: Northern, Central transitional , and Southern.
There are dozens of smaller variants within each major dialect group. Two features that typically distinguish the Northern from Southern dialects are given in the table below. The Central dialect, spoken around the Moscow area, combines the major features of both dialect groups. The sound system of Russian is quite similar to that of Belarusian and Ukrainian.
Its description below is based on the standard language. Russian has 5 vowel phonemes , i. The language allows a variety of consonant clusters. These are either all voiced or all voiceless. The last consonant in the cluster determines whether the entire cluster is voiced or voiceless. This rule does not apply to nasals , laterals , or rhotics. All bilabial, labio-dental, and dental consonants have palatalized counterparts pronounced with the blade of the tongue coming in contact with the hard palate.
Stress is free and mobile, i. Stress is not marked in normal orthography but is commonly marked in textbooks and dictionaries. Russian is a richly inflected language with a grammar that is very similar to that of other Slavic languages, especially Belarusian and Ukrainian. Russian nouns are marked for gender, number, and case. The three are fused into one ending, as is the case in all Slavic languages. Russian nouns have the following grammatical categories:.
Russian verbs agree with their subjects in person and number in the non-past, and in gender and number in the past. They are marked for the following categories:. The neutral word order in Russian is Subject-Verb-Object. However, other orders are possible since inflectional endings take care of clearly marking grammatical relations and roles in the sentence.
Word order is principally determined by topic what the sentence is about, or old information and focus new information. Constituents with old information precede constituents with new information, or those that carry the most emphasis. Russian has a very large vocabulary consisting of a mix of native Slavic and borrowings from other languages.
It is difficult to determine what percentage of Russian vocabulary is inherently Slavic and what percentage is borrowed from other languages. By some estimates, about half of Russian vocabulary may consist of words borrowed at one time or another from other languages. This is even more true of scientific, technical, and political vocabulary.
Early borrowings into Russian were from Old Church Slavonic , Greek, and Latin , associated with religious sources, and from Altaic languages, associated with the Mongol invasion. Today, the major source of borrowing, particularly in the areas of scientific, political, and technical terminology, is English.
However, most of the basic everyday vocabulary is inherently Slavic. Below are a few common words and phrases. The modern Russian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet.
The modern Russian alphabet has the following letters given below in their printed form. The longhand, or cursive, form for some letters is quite different. Toggle navigation. Language Difficulty. How difficult is it to learn Russian? Russian is considered to be a Category II language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English. Languages A-Z. Select Language. Tibetic Languages. Tok Pisin.
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